Psalm 120, the first of the fifteen Psalms of Ascents, is a profound cry for deliverance from distress, deceit, and conflict. Titled “A Song of Ascents,” this psalm captures the heart of a pilgrim yearning for peace amidst a world of falsehood and hostility. Often sung by Israelites journeying to Jerusalem for sacred festivals, Psalm 120 resonates with timeless themes of seeking divine help, confronting deceitful tongues, and longing for shalom (peace). This article explores the meaning, context, structure, and application of Psalm 120, offering insights into its historical significance, theological depth, and relevance for modern readers.
Historical and Cultural Context of Psalm 120
Psalm 120 begins the Songs of Ascents (Psalms 120–134), linked to Israelite pilgrimages to Jerusalem for major feasts. Pilgrims ascended Mount Zion both physically and spiritually to worship. Some believe these psalms were sung on the temple’s fifteen steps, though this is uncertain. Others propose they were composed for exiles returning from Babylon, reflecting a journey from captivity to restoration (Ezra 7:9).
The author of Psalm 120 is unknown, though some link it to David due to its tone and parallels with Psalm 52. The mention of Meshech and Kedar suggests the psalmist felt exiled among hostile, ungodly people. This context of distress and alienation sets the stage for the psalm’s heartfelt plea for divine intervention.
Psalm 120: Verse-by-Verse Analysis
Verses 1–2: A Cry for Deliverance from Deceit
“In my distress I called to the Lord, and he answered me. Deliver my soul, O Lord, from lying lips, and from a deceitful tongue.” (Psalm 120:1–2, NIV)
The psalm opens with a powerful testimony of God’s faithfulness. The psalmist, in a state of distress—described in Hebrew as tsarah, meaning trouble or anguish—cries out to the Lord (YHWH) and receives an answer. This establishes a foundation of trust in God’s responsiveness, a recurring theme in the Psalms (Psalm 18:6; 34:4). The specific request in verse 2 is for deliverance from “lying lips” and a “deceitful tongue,” highlighting the destructive power of slander and falsehood. In ancient Israel, false accusations could ruin reputations, relationships, and even lives (Proverbs 6:16–17; James 3:5–6). The psalmist’s plea reflects a deep desire for protection from verbal treachery, a concern as relevant today as it was then.
Verses 3–4: The Consequences of Deceit
“What shall be given to you, and what more shall be done to you, you deceitful tongue? Sharp arrows of the warrior, with glowing coals of the broom bush.” (Psalm 120:3–4, NIV)
These verses pose a rhetorical question to the deceitful tongue, emphasizing divine justice. The imagery of “sharp arrows” and “glowing coals of the broom bush” (also translated as juniper coals) is vivid and severe. Arrows symbolize swift, piercing judgment, while broom bush coals, known for their intense, long-lasting heat, suggest enduring consequences (Job 6:4; Revelation 22:15). This imagery underscores the biblical principle that those who sow deceit will face God’s righteous retribution (Proverbs 12:22; Psalm 5:6). The psalmist trusts that God will deal justly with those who harm others through lies, offering hope to those enduring slander.
Verses 5–7: Longing for Peace Amid Conflict
“Woe to me, that I sojourn in Meshech, that I dwell among the tents of Kedar! Too long have I had my dwelling among those who hate peace. I am for peace, but when I speak, they are for war.” (Psalm 120:5–7, NIV)
The psalmist laments living among hostile peoples, Meshech and Kedar, which likely represent foreign, warlike cultures rather than literal residences, as these regions were geographically distant (Genesis 10:2; 25:13). Meshech, in modern-day Turkey, and Kedar, an Arabian tribe, symbolize environments antithetical to the psalmist’s values. The Hebrew verbs garti and sakanti suggest the psalmist feels like a spiritual outsider. His cry “Woe is me” shows despair, while his desire for peace contrasts with the hostility around him. Saying “I am peace” reveals his identity as a peacemaker, yet he’s still met with conflict—echoing Romans 12:18.
Theological Themes in Psalm 120
God’s Faithfulness in Distress
The opening verse establishes God as a reliable helper who hears and answers prayers. This theme of divine responsiveness is central to the Psalms and the broader biblical narrative (John 16:23–24; James 5:13). The psalmist’s confidence in God’s intervention offers encouragement to believers facing trials, reminding them that God is attentive to their cries.
The Power of Words
Psalm 120 highlights the destructive nature of deceitful speech, comparing it to weapons that wound (Psalm 52:4). This aligns with biblical teachings on the tongue’s power to bring life or death (Proverbs 18:21; James 3:8). The psalm calls readers to reflect on their own speech, striving to be “life givers and truth speakers” (Psalm 23).
The Pursuit of Peace
The psalmist longs for shalom—true peace and wholeness—in contrast to the hostile lands of Meshech and Kedar. This echoes God’s call (Psalm 34:14) to seek peace even amid conflict, trusting Him for resolution.
Modern Application of Psalm 120
Psalm 120 speaks powerfully to contemporary believers navigating a world often marked by falsehood and conflict. Here are practical ways to apply its truths:
Trusting God in Times of Trouble
The psalmist’s example of crying out to God in distress encourages believers to turn to prayer first when facing challenges. Whether dealing with workplace gossip, online slander, or personal betrayal, Psalm 120 reminds us that God hears and responds (Psalm 120:1). Regular prayer, especially during trials, strengthens faith and fosters reliance on God’s provision.
Guarding Our Speech
The psalm’s focus on deceitful tongues challenges readers to examine their own words. In an age of social media and instant communication, speaking truth with love is more critical than ever (Ephesians 4:15). Christians are called to be peacemakers, using their words to build up rather than tear down.
Pursuing Peace in a Divisive World
The psalmist’s longing for peace amidst hostility resonates in today’s polarized society. Believers are called to embody shalom by seeking reconciliation, promoting justice, and living peaceably whenever possible (Romans 12:18). This may involve forgiving those who slander or standing firm in truth without retaliating in kind.
Finding Home in God
The psalmist’s feeling of exile in Meshech and Kedar mirrors the Christian’s role as a “sojourner” in a world against God’s ways (1 Peter 2:11). In Judaism, it’s recited after Mincha between Sukkot and Shabbat Hagadol. In Christianity, it appears in Vespers during the fourth week, showing its place in worship. The psalm also inspired music by composers like Byrd and Schütz, highlighting its lasting impact.
Holy Bible, New International Version®, NIV® Copyright ©1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.® Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.
Conclusion: A Psalm for Pilgrims
Psalm 120 is a timeless prayer for those journeying through a world of deceit and conflict. Its vivid imagery, heartfelt lament, and unwavering trust in God’s deliverance make it a powerful resource for believers today. In times of trouble, Psalm 120 reminds us: “I called to the Lord, and he answered me.” It leads us to seek God through prayer, truth, and peace.